HIPAA Security Rule Experts

HIPAA Security Rule Compliance Services

The HIPAA Security Rule establishes the national standard for protecting electronic Protected Health Information through administrative, physical, and technical safeguards. Petronella Technology Group, Inc. delivers end-to-end Security Rule compliance services — from comprehensive risk analysis and gap assessment through technical control implementation, policy development, and continuous compliance monitoring — for healthcare organizations and business associates throughout the Raleigh-Durham Triangle and nationwide.

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Technical Safeguards

Access controls, audit logging, integrity mechanisms, encryption at rest and in transit, and authentication protocols that protect ePHI across every system and endpoint in your environment.

Physical Safeguards

Facility access controls, workstation security policies, device and media controls, and physical access restrictions that prevent unauthorized access to systems and media containing ePHI.

Administrative Safeguards

Risk management programs, workforce training, security policies and procedures, contingency planning, and organizational requirements that form the governance backbone of Security Rule compliance.

Ongoing Compliance Monitoring

Continuous security monitoring, periodic risk reassessments, policy updates, vulnerability management, and incident response capabilities that maintain Security Rule compliance year-round.

The HIPAA Security Rule: A Complete Guide for Healthcare Organizations

The HIPAA Security Rule, codified at 45 CFR Part 164 Subpart C, establishes national standards for protecting the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of electronic Protected Health Information (ePHI). Unlike the Privacy Rule, which governs all forms of PHI including paper records and oral communications, the Security Rule focuses exclusively on ePHI — patient health information that is created, received, maintained, or transmitted in electronic form. Every covered entity and business associate that handles ePHI must comply with the Security Rule's requirements, and the HHS Office for Civil Rights (OCR) enforces compliance through audits, complaint investigations, and breach reviews.

The Security Rule is organized into three categories of safeguards — administrative, physical, and technical — plus organizational requirements and policies and procedures documentation. Within these categories, individual standards are classified as either required or addressable. Required standards must be implemented exactly as specified. Addressable standards require a documented assessment of whether the implementation specification is reasonable and appropriate for the organization; if it is, the specification must be implemented, and if not, the organization must document why and implement an equivalent alternative measure. Critically, addressable does not mean optional — OCR has made this distinction clear through numerous enforcement actions against organizations that treated addressable specifications as discretionary.

The Security Rule's risk analysis requirement — 45 CFR 164.308(a)(1)(ii)(A) — is the single most important compliance obligation and the most frequently cited deficiency in OCR enforcement actions. The risk analysis must identify every location where ePHI is created, received, maintained, or transmitted; assess threats and vulnerabilities to each system; evaluate the likelihood and potential impact of threat exploitation; and determine the current level of risk. This is not a checkbox exercise — OCR expects a thorough, documented analysis that demonstrates genuine understanding of the organization's risk environment. Petronella Technology Group, Inc. has conducted hundreds of HIPAA risk analyses since 2002 and brings the technical depth and regulatory knowledge needed to produce assessments that satisfy OCR scrutiny.

Beyond risk analysis, the Security Rule requires organizations to implement a comprehensive security management process that includes risk management (implementing measures to reduce risks identified in the risk analysis), a sanctions policy for workforce members who violate security policies, and information system activity review (regular review of audit logs, access reports, and security incident tracking). These administrative safeguards establish the governance framework that supports all technical and physical controls. Organizations that implement technical controls without the corresponding administrative framework consistently fail OCR compliance reviews because they cannot demonstrate that their security program is managed, monitored, and maintained as an ongoing operational function.

Petronella Technology Group, Inc. provides comprehensive HIPAA Security Rule compliance services that address every standard and implementation specification in 45 CFR 164 Subpart C. Our approach combines deep cybersecurity expertise with thorough regulatory knowledge, ensuring that the technical controls we implement not only protect ePHI effectively but also satisfy the specific documentation and procedural requirements that OCR evaluates during compliance reviews. We serve healthcare providers, health plans, healthcare clearinghouses, and business associates throughout the Research Triangle and nationwide, with particular expertise in medical practices, dental offices, behavioral health providers, home health agencies, and the IT companies and cloud providers that serve them. Our alignment with NIST SP 800-66 guidance ensures our Security Rule implementations follow the methodology recommended by HHS itself.

Security Rule Compliance Services

Administrative Safeguards Implementation (45 CFR 164.308)

Administrative safeguards represent over half of the Security Rule's requirements and establish the management framework for your entire security program. We implement the security management process including risk analysis, risk management, sanction policy, and information system activity review. We designate your Security Officer (or serve as your virtual Security Officer), develop workforce security procedures including authorization supervision, workforce clearance, and termination procedures, and establish information access management controls including access authorization, access establishment, and access modification procedures.

We also develop your security awareness and training program, establish security incident procedures for identifying, reporting, and responding to security incidents, develop contingency planning including data backup, disaster recovery, emergency mode operations, testing and revision, and create policies governing evaluation, business associate agreements, and ongoing compliance assessment. Every administrative safeguard is documented with specific procedures, designated responsible parties, and review schedules.

Physical Safeguards Implementation (45 CFR 164.310)

Physical safeguards protect the physical infrastructure, facilities, and equipment that house ePHI. We assess and implement facility access controls including contingency operations procedures, facility security plans, access control and validation procedures, and maintenance records documentation. For workstation use and security, we develop policies governing the physical environment and operational use of workstations and mobile devices that access ePHI, including screen positioning, automatic lock timeouts, and restrictions on workstation placement in public-facing areas.

Device and media controls address the movement of hardware and electronic media containing ePHI into, out of, and within your facilities. We implement disposal procedures that ensure ePHI is properly destroyed before hardware is repurposed or discarded, media re-use protocols, accountability tracking for hardware and media movement, and data backup and storage procedures. For healthcare organizations with multiple locations, we establish consistent physical safeguard standards across all facilities while accounting for the unique physical characteristics of each site.

Technical Safeguards Implementation (45 CFR 164.312)

Technical safeguards are the technology-based controls that protect ePHI in your information systems. We implement access controls including unique user identification (eliminating shared accounts), emergency access procedures, automatic logoff configurations, and encryption and decryption mechanisms for ePHI at rest. Audit controls are configured across all systems to record and examine activity in information systems that contain or use ePHI — we deploy centralized logging, SIEM integration, and automated alerting for suspicious access patterns.

Integrity controls protect ePHI from improper alteration or destruction through mechanisms such as hashing, digital signatures, and database integrity verification. Person or entity authentication ensures that users are who they claim to be through multi-factor authentication, certificate-based authentication, and other strong authentication mechanisms. Transmission security protects ePHI during electronic transmission through encryption protocols (TLS 1.2+, VPN tunnels, encrypted email) and integrity controls that verify data has not been altered during transit. We implement these controls across your entire ePHI ecosystem including EHR systems, email, cloud services, remote access, and mobile devices.

Risk Analysis and Risk Management

Our HIPAA risk analysis follows the methodology outlined in NIST SP 800-30 and NIST SP 800-66 (the HHS-recommended guide for HIPAA Security Rule implementation). We identify the scope of the analysis covering all ePHI systems, catalog data flows showing where ePHI is created, received, maintained, and transmitted, identify threats (natural, human, and environmental) and vulnerabilities in current controls, assess the likelihood and impact of potential compromises, and determine risk levels for each identified threat-vulnerability pair.

Risk management follows directly from the risk analysis. We develop a risk management plan that documents specific measures to reduce each identified risk to a reasonable and appropriate level. Measures include implementing new technical controls, strengthening existing controls, developing policies and procedures, conducting training, modifying workflows, and accepting residual risk where appropriate with documented justification. The risk analysis and risk management plan together form the compliance documentation that OCR requests first in any investigation — organizations that cannot produce these documents face immediate enforcement exposure.

Security Awareness Training Program

The Security Rule requires security awareness and training for all workforce members, with specific implementation specifications for security reminders, protection from malicious software, login monitoring, and password management. We develop and deliver comprehensive training programs that cover these required topics plus practical security skills including phishing recognition, social engineering awareness, mobile device security, secure data handling, and incident reporting procedures.

Training is role-based — clinical staff receive training focused on EHR security and patient data handling, administrative staff focus on email security and access management, IT staff receive deeper technical security training, and leadership receives governance-focused content on compliance obligations and risk management. We conduct simulated phishing campaigns, track training completion and assessment scores, and provide ongoing security awareness communications that keep security top of mind between formal training sessions.

Contingency Planning and Disaster Recovery

The Security Rule requires a comprehensive contingency plan that ensures the availability of ePHI during and after emergencies. We develop your data backup plan establishing procedures for creating and maintaining retrievable exact copies of ePHI, your disaster recovery plan documenting procedures to restore systems and data after an emergency, your emergency mode operations plan enabling critical processes to continue protecting ePHI during emergencies, and testing and revision procedures to ensure plans are tested regularly and updated based on test results.

Our contingency planning extends beyond documentation to actual implementation. We configure and verify backup systems, establish recovery time objectives (RTOs) and recovery point objectives (RPOs), conduct tabletop exercises and simulated disaster scenarios, and validate that recovery procedures actually work under realistic conditions. For healthcare organizations, maintaining access to patient records during emergencies is not merely a compliance requirement — it is a patient safety imperative. We ensure your contingency plans support both compliance and clinical continuity.

Continuous Compliance Monitoring

Security Rule compliance is not a point-in-time achievement — it requires ongoing vigilance, monitoring, and adaptation. We provide continuous compliance monitoring services that include real-time security event monitoring through SIEM platforms, regular vulnerability scanning and patch management, periodic access review and privilege auditing, ongoing risk assessment updates as your environment changes, policy and procedure reviews triggered by regulatory updates or operational changes, and annual comprehensive risk analysis refreshes.

Our monitoring program generates compliance dashboards and reports that give your leadership visibility into your Security Rule compliance posture at any point in time. When gaps are identified — whether from environmental changes, new threats, regulatory updates, or findings from monitoring activities — we provide remediation guidance and implementation support to close them promptly. This continuous approach ensures your organization maintains compliance between formal assessments and can demonstrate ongoing compliance to OCR during investigations or reviews.

Our Security Rule Compliance Process

01

Security Rule Gap Assessment

We evaluate your current security posture against every standard and implementation specification in 45 CFR 164 Subpart C. We identify gaps in administrative, physical, and technical safeguards, assess current documentation, and produce a detailed findings report with risk-prioritized remediation recommendations.

02

Risk Analysis and Planning

We conduct a comprehensive risk analysis per NIST SP 800-30 and SP 800-66 methodology, identifying threats, vulnerabilities, and risk levels across your entire ePHI environment. The resulting risk management plan provides a clear roadmap of security controls to implement, prioritized by risk severity.

03

Safeguard Implementation

We implement technical controls (encryption, access management, audit logging, MFA), deploy physical safeguards (facility access, workstation security, media controls), and develop administrative frameworks (policies, procedures, training programs, contingency plans) that satisfy every Security Rule requirement.

04

Validation and Ongoing Compliance

We validate all implemented controls through testing and documentation review, deliver comprehensive compliance documentation packages, conduct initial staff training, and transition to ongoing monitoring, periodic reassessments, and continuous compliance maintenance to keep your organization Security Rule compliant year-round.

Why Choose Petronella Technology Group, Inc. for Security Rule Compliance

Cybersecurity-First Approach

We are a cybersecurity company that does HIPAA compliance, not a compliance company that dabbles in security. Our technical depth means we implement controls that actually protect ePHI — not just controls that look good on paper. Zero security breaches across 2,500+ client implementations since 2002.

NIST-Aligned Methodology

Our Security Rule implementations follow NIST SP 800-66 guidance — the methodology HHS itself recommends for HIPAA Security Rule compliance. We also map controls to NIST Cybersecurity Framework and CIS Controls for organizations pursuing multi-framework compliance.

Complete Safeguard Coverage

We address every standard and implementation specification in the Security Rule — administrative, physical, and technical. Many competitors focus only on technical controls, leaving organizations exposed on administrative and physical requirements that OCR evaluates just as rigorously.

Healthcare Industry Expertise

We understand how healthcare organizations operate. Our Security Rule implementations account for clinical workflows, EHR system requirements, patient care urgency, and the operational realities of medical practices, dental offices, hospitals, and healthcare IT vendors.

Documentation That Satisfies OCR

Our compliance documentation packages are designed to withstand OCR scrutiny during investigations, audits, and compliance reviews. Every control is documented with implementation details, testing evidence, responsible parties, and review schedules that demonstrate your organization's commitment to Security Rule compliance.

Multi-Framework Integration

Security Rule controls overlap significantly with SOC 2, NIST 800-171, PCI DSS, and other frameworks. We implement controls that satisfy multiple compliance requirements simultaneously, reducing duplication and providing a unified security program rather than siloed compliance efforts.

HIPAA Security Rule FAQ

What is the difference between the HIPAA Security Rule and Privacy Rule?

The Privacy Rule governs the use and disclosure of all forms of PHI — paper, electronic, and oral. It establishes patient rights, defines permitted disclosures, and requires privacy policies and a designated Privacy Officer. The Security Rule focuses exclusively on electronic PHI (ePHI) and requires specific administrative, physical, and technical safeguards to protect the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of ePHI. In practice, the Security Rule drives the majority of IT security requirements, while the Privacy Rule drives operational policies around information sharing, patient access, and consent. Both rules must be implemented together for complete HIPAA compliance.

What does addressable mean in the Security Rule?

Addressable does not mean optional. When a specification is addressable, the organization must assess whether the implementation specification is a reasonable and appropriate safeguard for protecting ePHI given the organization's size, capabilities, risk environment, and cost. If the assessment determines it is reasonable and appropriate, the specification must be implemented. If not, the organization must document why and implement an equivalent alternative measure that achieves the same protective purpose. OCR has consistently penalized organizations that treated addressable specifications as optional — the assessment and documentation process is itself mandatory regardless of the implementation decision.

Is encryption required under the HIPAA Security Rule?

Encryption is an addressable specification under both the access control standard (encryption at rest — 164.312(a)(2)(iv)) and the transmission security standard (encryption in transit — 164.312(e)(2)(ii)). While technically addressable, OCR guidance and enforcement actions make clear that encryption is expected in virtually all modern healthcare environments. The practical reality is that encryption technology is widely available, affordable, and effective — making it very difficult to justify not implementing it. Furthermore, the Breach Notification Rule provides a safe harbor for encrypted ePHI: if properly encrypted data is lost or stolen, it is not considered a breach requiring notification. This safe harbor alone makes encryption one of the most valuable Security Rule controls you can implement.

What audit controls does the Security Rule require?

Section 164.312(b) requires covered entities and business associates to implement hardware, software, and procedural mechanisms that record and examine activity in information systems that contain or use ePHI. This means logging user access to ePHI systems (who accessed what, when, and from where), recording system events (login attempts, permission changes, data modifications), implementing log retention policies, regularly reviewing logs for suspicious activity, and maintaining audit trail integrity. We implement centralized log management and SIEM integration that correlates events across your entire ePHI environment, enabling both compliance documentation and real-time threat detection.

How does the Security Rule apply to mobile devices?

Mobile devices — smartphones, tablets, laptops — that access, store, or transmit ePHI must comply with the same Security Rule requirements as any other system. This includes access controls (device passcodes, biometric locks, MFA for ePHI applications), encryption (full-device encryption plus application-level encryption), audit logging, automatic logoff (screen lock timeout), transmission security, and device and media controls (remote wipe capability, inventory tracking). OCR's guidance on mobile device security emphasizes that the convenience of mobile access does not excuse inadequate security. We implement mobile device management (MDM) solutions and BYOD policies that enable clinicians to use mobile devices productively while maintaining Security Rule compliance.

What is the Security Rule's contingency planning requirement?

Section 164.308(a)(7) requires organizations to establish policies and procedures for responding to emergencies or other events that damage systems containing ePHI. Required implementation specifications include a data backup plan, disaster recovery plan, and emergency mode operations plan. Addressable specifications include testing and revision of contingency plans and applications and data criticality analysis. In practice, this means maintaining verified backups of all ePHI, having documented procedures to restore systems and data after a disaster, ensuring ePHI protection continues during emergency operations, and regularly testing recovery procedures to confirm they work. Ransomware attacks have made contingency planning more critical than ever — organizations without tested backup and recovery procedures face devastating operational and compliance consequences.

Do business associates need to comply with the Security Rule?

Yes. The HITECH Act made business associates directly subject to the HIPAA Security Rule's requirements for administrative, physical, and technical safeguards. Business associates must implement the same security controls as covered entities for the ePHI they create, receive, maintain, or transmit. OCR can impose penalties directly on business associates for Security Rule violations, and several enforcement actions have resulted in significant settlements against business associates. If you are an IT company, cloud provider, billing service, or other vendor that handles ePHI for covered entities, Security Rule compliance is not optional — it is a direct regulatory obligation and a BAA requirement.

How much do Security Rule violations cost?

HIPAA violation penalties range from $100 to $50,000 per violation depending on the level of culpable negligence, with annual caps of $1.5 million per violation category. Each individual whose ePHI is affected can constitute a separate violation, meaning a single Security Rule deficiency affecting thousands of patients can generate millions in potential penalties. OCR has settled Security Rule enforcement actions for amounts exceeding $5 million. Beyond direct penalties, Security Rule violations often accompany breach notification requirements that trigger patient notification costs, credit monitoring, forensic investigation fees, legal defense costs, class action exposure, and lasting reputational damage. Investing in Security Rule compliance is a fraction of the cost of non-compliance.

Achieve Full HIPAA Security Rule Compliance

The Security Rule is the backbone of HIPAA's ePHI protection requirements, and it is the first thing OCR examines during enforcement investigations. Petronella Technology Group, Inc. provides comprehensive Security Rule compliance services that implement every required and addressable safeguard, produce OCR-ready documentation, and maintain your compliance posture through continuous monitoring. Contact us for a free Security Rule gap assessment.

Petronella Technology Group, Inc. • 5540 Centerview Dr., Suite 200, Raleigh, NC 27606 • Serving healthcare organizations in Raleigh, Durham, Chapel Hill, Cary & nationwide